Start with the biggest question
Before fixing commas, ask whether the book works as a whole. Can you describe its central promise in one sentence? Does each chapter move toward that promise? If the structure is unsettled, polishing sentences may mean doing the same work twice.
Developmental editing: the whole book
Developmental feedback examines structure, argument, character, pacing, and gaps. For a novel, this might mean reconsidering a character’s motivation. For nonfiction, it might mean moving a foundational explanation earlier. Expect a revision plan rather than a manuscript ready for print.
Line editing and copyediting
Line editing focuses on expression: rhythm, clarity, and how sentences fit together. Copyediting addresses grammar, usage, and consistency. The boundaries can overlap, so ask a prospective editor what a sample pass and the final deliverables will contain.
Proofreading: the final pass
Proofreading happens when the content is stable, preferably after layout. It catches remaining text errors and can identify layout issues such as awkward breaks. It is not a substitute for structural work.
Prepare a useful editing brief
Send a word count, genre, intended audience, draft status, and a representative sample. Mention your main concerns and any style preferences. Ask which editing level fits the sample and what is outside the quoted scope.
Further reading
Chartered Institute of Editing and Proofreading ↗
Explore the professional editing body’s resources when comparing editing roles and preparing questions for an editor.
An introductory resource prepared for this website. Discuss your manuscript and requirements before making production decisions.
Put the guide to work.
Write down one decision this article helped clarify and one question you still need to answer. Bring both to your next project conversation.
Discuss your book
